How to Make a Budget

Suggest making a budget and most people would rather visit the dentist.  But a budget is just a method to keep track of your money and let you use it as you want.  It lets you manage your money instead of letting your financial obligations manage you.  Having a budget helps save money and allocates your resources in the most favorable way.  The other important point to remember is that you will adjust your budget over and over in life as circumstances change.  No matter your income level, everyone owes it to his or her financial future to have a budget.

One significant facet of a good budget is using it to work towards common goals such as saving money, allocating more resources to pending big purchase or simply leading a better lifestyle.  A budget should shows you exactly where your money goes and provides a spending plan that lets you save for the things that are important to you: a new house, a new car, a comfortable retirement, a college education, travel, or whatever your particular goals and dreams happen to be.

The key to developing a budget and living within it is not complicated, but requires an investment of time.  Here are the basic rules to make it work:

You have a good understanding of how you spend your money.  If you tried keeping a money diary, you are a step ahead.

You have a system to organize and pay your bills and balance your accounts on a regular basis.

You have an emergency fund equal to 6 months of salary in the bank.

Step One – List your fixed expenses.

These are the expenses that do not change from month to month.  Examples are rent or mortgage, car payments, auto insurance, electric bill, your cell phone or money you set aside for school tuition.  You could also include the cost to park your car at work, a baseline amount for gas each month or bus fare.  Some of these may vary slightly, but the more that you can establish as a typical fixed cost the easier it may be to manage your money.  Remember to include bills that you may pay once a year or quarterly as a monthly expense.  These may be your property tax bill, quarterly insurance bills, club memberships or private school payments for your kids.

Step Two – Your Variable Expenses

These are the expenses that vary each month and while you can control them, if you are like most folks, some of them seem to get out of hand at times.  Items in this category include meals out, groceries, going to the movies and other entertainment, and buying clothes.  Include debts on credit cards in this category.

If you have kept a money diary, refer to it to determine how much you spent the past few months in each category.  Or look back at your bank statements for a couple months.  This way you can determine an average amount spent at the grocery or for meals out.  Debit card receipts will help find all expenses – even the small ones.  The more detail you can assemble the better.  If you use cash for a lot of transactions, you should try to figure out where the cash went.  This will help get accurate totals for the areas of expense that are not necessities but add up quickly.

Add up all the expenses and compare to your income.  This is where your money goes.

Are you spending more that you earn each month?  Is there money that you cannot track at all?

Try to cut spending in your largest variable expense by 5-10%.  For most of us this is usually for food – at the grocery or eating meals out.  Try packing lunch instead of eating out every day or reducing the amount of prepared meals you buy at the grocery store deli.  Little changes can add up.

Do you have money left over?

Congratulations!

Are you saving enough?

Increase you contribution to your retirement account, set up an automatic transfer to your saving with each paycheck.  Do it now and let the power of compound interest and time, work for you and your money.

Finally, be realistic.  After setting up your budget, don’t obsess if your spending doesn’t match your budget every month.  Remember a huge part of your budget is made up of variable expenses.  Be flexible and willing to adjust the numbers now and then.  For example, when the price of gasoline spikes again, you will know what to expect.

The Trial Budget – To Help Get Ready for Change

Once you have developed a budget and have some experience in adjusting it to fit life’s changes, you will realize the value of a trial budget.  At various times in life you will find yourself contemplating a change.  It could be a move, a new job or time off to care for a new baby.  You can use a trial budget to see what living with a change in income or expenses would be like.

Thinking of buying that first house, or contemplating buying a larger one?

Use a trial budget to calculate mortgage payments, changes to insurance costs and even an increase in expenses to commute to work after you move.  Before you make the change, try setting up the new budget and live with it for a month or two while you look for your dream home.  Assuming your expenses would increase, calculate the increase and put it in savings so you have to live with the new spending constraints.  This will give you the confidence to make the change for you and your family – and increase your savings at the same time.

Short Term Savings: How Much to Save

Budgeting should always include a savings component.  When savings are low it becomes even more important to find ways to cut back on expenses, live more frugally and start a savings plan or ramp up what you already have.  We are all guilty of spending too much which leads to waste of physical resources and financial resources.  This waste ultimately impacts our ability to save more money.  Money that we need for long term savings goal and short term savings needs. 

There is no question that you need short term savings.  The next logical question is exactly how much you need to have in your short term savings accounts.  The answer varies by the individual.

Your Age and Family Situation

Your age and family is a large factor in your savings plan.  Young, single individuals need considerably less than families of four sending children off to college.  Short term savings should cover three to six months worth of living expenses as well as any planned major expenses in the next three to seven years.

A young, single individual with bills of $1200 a month who just graduated from school with a new car gifted to her by her parents can save $3600 and be fine – at least until she gets married, decides to buy a condo, plans a month long vacation to Europe or any number of other planned expenses.  As situations change, your savings plan changes as well, so always be reassessing your needs.

By contrast, a married couple about to send their child away to college and looking at a career in a declining industry after decades of hard work need a full six months of living expenses in short term savings as well as the cost of college tuition.  There is a greater likelihood of losing a job, and despite years of experience, it may take longer to find a new one.  If the couple lives in an aging house, they must also be saving for major improvements such as a new roof or foundation work.

Risk Tolerance

Your age also determines the best way to invest your entire portfolio. The older you are, the more you should have in liquid assets.  The stock market is inherently more risky than bank CDs or money market accounts.  Money invested in stocks can grow at a much faster rate than money in liquid assets, but that same growth can spiral down in a moment and take years to recover.

The older you are, the more money you need invested in your short-term savings accounts to protect yourself from the fluctuating stock market.  Young people need less in liquid assets for short term savings as they can afford to take a long view of the stock market.  It may be that a young person or couple has only three months worth of expenses in short-term savings with the remainder of their savings in stocks.  An individual approaching retirement needs six or seven months of living expenses and planned expenditures in short term savings for adequate protection.

Basic Needs

At the most basic level, the amount you need in short term savings is tied directly to how much you spend every month.  Your short term savings account should contain three to six months worth of living expenses.  If your living expenses are $2000 a month, your short-term savings needs to contain $6,000-$12,000 at the minimum.

These savings are designed to cover your household expenses should you lose your job or encounter a situation where you are unable to work for a short-time.  Your account must also include funds to protect you from other, smaller emergencies such as car repairs, emergency home maintenance and medical emergencies.  Remember that the more dependents you have, the more likely you’ll encounter an expensive emergency.

Planned Expenses

Finally, your short-term savings needs to include any planned expenses you foresee in the next three to seven years.  New cars, new homes, travel, and college tuition all can fall under planned expenses.  And with the continual addition of new trips, procedures and large ticket items to a household, the need for planned expenses is ever changing.  Be sure to review your savings plans periodically to ensure you are saving adequately for the future.

Short term savings can be used for emergency funds or for projects that you wanted to do but either didn’t have the time or the financial resources to start.  Projects that can be for you or your family or charity work to help others not as well off.  Saving money by cutting back on unnecessary expenses can help improve your lifestyle or be used to help others.  Either way, cheap home living is a good way of life.  Start savings now.

Think You Can’t Save? Try Keeping a Money Diary

The first step to budgeting your money is to fully understand how you spend your money today.  The best method to get a handle on your expenses is to write down every purchase you make for two weeks or a month if you can.  This may sound annoying to do, but you will come away from this exercise having learned something about your spending habits.  Chances are you will also realize that there is a considerable amount of cash that just disappears out of your wallet each month.  Just like a dieter writing down everything he or she eats each day in order to eat less, when you become more aware of what you are really doing, you will tend to be more careful with your money.

If you have a high school-age child, who is beginning to manage his or her own earnings and/or allowance you may want to make this a family activity.  If your teenager is constantly looking to you for a handout since they tend to blow through whatever money they have, start the lesson today.  After all, there will come a day you hope to stop being their private automatic teller.

The trick to this is to make the process work for you.  If you tend to use a lot of cash, you will need to save receipts.  If you use a debit card for pretty much all you do, this may be easier.  Keep this record in a notebook or an excel document to make the math easier.  It is up to you.

At the start of a pay period, enter in your take home pay on one page.  Next list all of the following expenses that you will have before the next paycheck.

Saving – Pay yourself first.  What amount will you place n savings?  If you do not know this role be sure to read Savings 101.

Fixed Expenses – Things like rent (could be half of the total if you get paid twice a month, car payment, insurance, utilities, your cell phone, gas or bus fare – whatever monthly obligations you have.

Variable Expenses – Here we get to the real point of this exercise.  These are the expenses that you choose to make.  Each day write everything down, no matter how small.  Lunch with a co-worker, drinks with friends after volleyball, coffee on the way to work, or those new shoes you could not resist.  Enter each expense with some kind of description like meals out, clothes, groceries, cash at an ATM, etc.

Just before your next paycheck, total things up and see how you are doing.  Compare your expenses with your income.  Be honest with yourself.  Did something surprise you?  You may never have added up that those trips for bottled water at the fitness club or work, amounts to over $10 a week.  Add that to $40 on fast food for lunch each week and you may see why some of you co-workers pack a lunch most days.  Convenience is great but it comes at a price.  If you spent more than you had, you can try to tighten your belt for the rest of the month.

If you have a considerable gap with cash that was spent and not recorded, you can see that you may need to change a few habits.  It is so very easy to go back to an ATM to get cash when you find yourself short.  You may need to budget your cash for each pay period and watch that you do not overspend. 

Creating a budget and sticking to it is a fundamental tool for making sure that our money is used properly.  This means, we use the money is the most judicious manner.  When consumers make a budget for the first time and stick with the details, one of the biggest problems turns out to be frivolous expenses.  Fast foods, shopping for items as a past time, buying items that are cheaper somewhere else or purchases that are easy to do without are all common, recurring problems in household budgets.  The budget is a starting process to see where this waste goes to and with the budget you can develop a plan to seal the holes and enjoy financial freedom.

Rather than think of this as a punishment, think of this as freedom of choice.  Perhaps in hindsight, you would have skipped picking up a burger or sub sandwich for lunch three times this week so you could have enjoyed a nice meal with a friend on Friday night – without feeling guilty.  Or you would rather spend all that money on bottled water (and the packaging you toss out) on a hobby.  If you followed directions and put money in savings at the start of each pay period, at the very least, your long-term financial savings goals are not completely derailed.

After you have managed to keep a money diary, you are ready to build a budget – and make it one you can live with.  Check out How to Make a Budget.

Five Ways Save Money and Avoid Credit Card Debt

Too much debt is problems for far too many people.  Credit card debt is generally the largest reason why so many of people into debt and have difficulty paying their bills.  You don’t have to be a pawn of the credit card companies or fall victim to the credit card advertisements that reenforce this attitude of easy credit. 

It’s easy credit for the credit card companies to seduce consumers with easy credit and walk away with a pile of cash.  They make money from the merchant and by charging the card holder interest charges, late fees, annual fees, increased default rates and I am sure there is a thieving banker right now trying to invent yet another charge to throw on to the credit card bill.  These interest rates and charges make you wonder where they stash all the cash they are reeling in.  Just look at the standard bank savings account and money market account and compare that to the double digit credit card interest rates. 

You don’t have to make the bankers rich and you can have control over your financial health without depending on a credit card.  While reviewing techniques to avoid credit card debt and increase your savings, keeping track of your finances and a budget before you break out a credit card is the number one rule to avoiding credit card debt.  Budget, budget, budget and don’t feed the thieving bankers.

1.  Understand Your Credit Card

You should always know the deadlines and limits on your credit cards.  Be aware of when your payments are due, and don’t mess around.  Credit card companies love being able to charge late payment fees, which typically range from $25 to $39 regardless of whether you’re one day late or ten.

Many credit cards will also raise your interest rate the first chance they get.  Low introductory interest rates only stay in place as long as you make your payments on time.  The companies also report late payments to credit bureaus, which will lower your credit score.

Know what the spending limits are for your credit cards, and don’t get to close to it.  If a late fee puts you over your spending limit or you forget and charge too much, an additional over-the-limit fee will be added to your bill.

2.  Pay the Balance off Each Month

Paying off your credit card balances in full each month is ideal.  If you can’t do this, you are overspending and living beyond your means.  By paying the balance in full, you will save a lot of money in the long run by not paying interest on your purchases.  Also, if you roll over your credit card balances from month to month, most companies make you pay interest on purchases immediately.  Since most consumers can’t pay the full balance every month, at least try to save more money by paying more than the minimum amount due.

3.  Limit the Number of Credit Cards You Have

Opening a new store credit card to save 20% on a purchase isn’t a great deal if it entices you spend until you max out the card.  If you know that you can’t handle the temptation of having credit cards without using them, this tip is very important.  A lot of people keep their card balances at the spending limit.  Opening new accounts will only leave you deeper in debt.  Don’t carry more credit cards than you can afford.  Most people only need one or two.

Having a number of credit cards also means there is more information to keep track of.  With various payments and due dates, it’s a lot easier to make a mistake and send in a late payment.  One late payment could raise the interest rates on all of your credit cards.  Multiple late payments will damage your credit score.

4.  Stay Away From Cash Advances

The only time a cash advance is acceptable is in an emergency situation where you must have cash, and you have no other options.  Don’t make a habit of taking out cash advances for convenience.  Using your credit card this way is very expensive.

To start with, a fee of around three percent is usually charged on all cash advances right away.  The also carry higher interest rates than you are normally charged for purchases, and this interest is charged immediately when you borrow the money.

5.  Use Cash

Hardly anyone uses cash for purchases these days, but it might be a good idea.  Carrying cash is a great way to control your spending.  After all, you can’t spend more cash than you have in your hand.  Compared to plastic, most people pay more attention to prices when they see the actual money going.  Managing your budget is far easier with cash.  And anyone who has tried knows that setting up a budget is not always easy.  When you stick with cash you know how much money you have available and you don’t easily fall into a trap of buying something that does not fit your budget.

Always remember that goods and services beyond your needs do not bring happiness.  A granite counter top does what?  Cleans up spills by itself?  An Escalade or Ford Focus?  One is better for the environment, costs less, loses less value per year and is cheaper to operate.  What does the Escalade do?  Maybe it goes in a direction the Focus can’t.  Happiness and true rewards are what is inside not physical possessions.

Start Your Finances Correctly

Congratulations!  You’ve completed school and/or training and are now ready to begin your new career.  When starting out in the workforce, how you handle those paychecks can have a major impact on your future.  Starting your financial future on the right path can give you security and peace of mind well into the future.

Clear Debts

Your first step is to clear out all existing debt.  It is likely that you have college loans and credit card debt.  Your paycheck should help to clean up those accounts.  Spend as much as possible each pay period on paying down old loans.  You may have to get creative to find funds to throw at old balances every month, so don’t be afraid to buy a used car, live with a roommate or settle for a smaller apartment.  Managing your spending by reducing credit card debt and credit card use is a key process.  Every dollar you spend buying down debt is one you have invested in your future security.  You can’t say the same for heated seats in a new car.

To help you clear debts, consider consolidating student loans.  If you qualify for consolidation packages, the term of your loans may lengthen, but you’ll be paying less each month freeing up some cash to use on paying down credit card debt which undoubtedly has a higher interest rate.  Be sure to evaluate the options first, in a rising interest rate environment the costs of the student loan consolidation may exceed the savings.

Start Saving

Once you have your debt under control, and possibly before if you’re working on a very large amount of debt, you need to begin saving.  Arrange with your bank for a portion of your directly deposited paycheck to be whisked away to a savings account before you even see it.  This will help you avoid the temptation of “extra” money and it will also make savings easy.

Set up a realistic budget and be sure to include savings.  Then, simply arrange for the budgeted amount to be removed from the check before you see it and the rest of your funds are available to be spent as you’ve arranged.

Ideally, your first set of savings should be liquid assets enough to cover three to six months of living expenses.  You can begin saving in an interest bearing checking account or statement savings account, but once you’ve reached the minimum deposit, move your money into an account with a greater yield.  Money market accounts are liquid investments in safe vehicles offered by most banks.  Bank money market accounts offer a higher rate of return and usually have stable rates of return, and still have guaranteed principal due to the FDIC guarantee on bank accounts.

The next step for savings is to become diversified and spread your investments out over different assets classes.  Start small with a mutual fund and grow from there. Automatic deposits that can be taken directly from your checking account works great for these investments as well.  The deposits can be small and the periodic investments over time mean you engage in dollar cost averaging where you are buying the same amount of a mutual fund every month regardless of the share value.  This helps to stay diversified.

Get Insured

After you’ve established a steady savings plan, or preferably at the same time, find insurance.  You need health insurance and might consider life insurance as well. Although at the age of twenty-five, it is far more likely that you will become disabled rather than die, so strongly consider obtaining disability insurance.

Your employer may offer these insurance packages or facilitate packages through other vendors.  But if not, research insurance rates and coverage on your own and arrange to be protected.

Retirement Savings

Once you’ve met your goal of three months spending in short-term savings, turn your attention to your retirement and long-term goals.  Your company may offer a retirement fund such as a 401k, and if so you should take advantage of it.  If your company offers a matching contribution, regardless of other savings, contribute the percentage that the company matches.  The more you save early in your career, the more that money grows.  And there is almost never a good reason to turn away free money.

If your company does not offer a 401k, or even it does, research other retirement options as your alternative or supplemental choice.  An individual retirement account, or IRA, is an excellent tool for retirement investing.  A Roth IRA is also an excellent choice but has certain conditions that must be met.  If you meet those conditions, you can invest after tax earnings in a Roth IRA to be pulled out tax free after the age of 59 ½. In 2007, you’re able to contribute $4,000 annually to an IRA.

Credit

Spend some time planning your credit’s future as well.  Find a credit card that will suit your needs but also meet your financial goals.  Consider the fees, interest rate, grace period and terms and conditions when selecting a credit card.  Incentives are worth considering as well, but be sure you take into account your personal spending and payment habits.

Move Forward

Finally, move forward with your life both in a financial and realistic sense.  Working early on to develop healthy savings habits will benefit you tremendously in the long run.  Also a healthy savings habit will endure over time once you’ve learned to live within your budget and designate funds for savings every month.  Soon you’ll be able to relax and enjoy peace of mind rather than worrying about making it from one paycheck to the next.

Why You Should Pay Off Your Debt Today

In today’s society, credit and debt is a part of life.  In fact credit is frequently very beneficial.  The most valuable aspects of credit and debt are loans that are used to buy assets such as houses.  However, it is best to avoid carrying large amounts of debt.  Not only should most consumers avoid large amounts of debt but debt that is incurred to purchase items used for everyday consumption is never advisable.  This type of debt is almost always in the form of credit cards and store cards.  Even debt like car loans must be treated carefully since these types of loans have large monthly payments and though a car may seem like a good asset, cars depreciate rapidly.  Some of the best reasons to consider paying down your debt as soon as it is feasibly possible include:

You’ll Save Money

Interest is expensive.  The longer you owe a debt, the more interest you’ll pay, and the more your original purchase costs you.  If you have large amounts of debt at high interest rates, most of the money you’re paying is going towards interest, not towards the principal of the loan. Normal consumption expenditures will cost more if they are financed.  The total cost of any good goes up the longer the purchase is financed for and the higher the interest rate on the credit used to make the purchase.  For certain debt obligations it may be beneficial to consider refinancing to get the lowest interest rates possible, and pay off your debts as soon as you are able.  A credit card balance transfer to a lower interest rate is a viable debt reduction technique as long as the credit cards that end up with a reduced balance are not used once again.  Refinancing a home loan or a car loan can also be beneficial if it reduces the interest rate or the term of the loan.

You’ll Get Better Rates

When potential lenders evaluate your risk for a loan, they take into account the amount of debt you are already paying, as well as your ability to pay it off.   The greater your debt, the higher a risk you are for the lender, and the higher your interest rate.  Credit scores already take into consideration an individual’s credit balances.  Generally those car loan or home loan or even credit card applicants that have debt balances are considered a higher credit risk, will have lower credit scores and end up with higher interest rates.  Paying off your debt will help you to get lower interest rates in the future.

You’ll Have More Credit

When potential lenders evaluate you for credit, they look at the amount you can afford to carry and pay back.  If you are already carrying a large amount of credit for your income, you are less likely to be able to obtain more.  This is generally not a significant concern for individuals trying to reduce their debt load but it can be important to have access to large amounts of credit for the purchases that involve significant assets such as purchasing a new home.  Credit and debt is generally best saved to buy these large assets that can appreciate in value and since they are large assets, the terms of the credit you get is that much more important.  With limited debt and a good credit history you are much more likely to receive a larger loan amount with preferential interest rates and loan terms.

You’ll Have Increased Cash Flow

Less money going to creditors on a regular basis means more money in your pocket.  By paying off credit, you’ll decrease the payments you’re making each month and increase the amount of flexible income.  The beginning stages of reducing debt can be mean significant changes in someone’s budget but as the debt amounts are reduced and the monthly debt payments drop, cash flow will increase significantly.  More cash flow can be used more debt reduction and ultimately to a better balanced budget and lifestyle.

You Can Do More with Your Money

The money that you’re spending on interest each month could be going towards other uses, such as investments, stocks, or real estate.  Pay off your debt and start putting your money to work for you instead of the credit card companies!  This is the time when some short sacrifices on consumption and expenditures really starts to pay off with a more manageable, trouble free and enjoyable life style.  We say it time and time again that a new granite counter top does not bring happiness, it doesn’t cook your food for you, it doesn’t bring you closer to family, it simply consumes money.  This is true of the more expensive car or more expensive clothes.

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